Omnidirectional Perception for Lightweight MAVs using a Continuously Rotating 3D Laser Scanner
نویسندگان
چکیده
Micro aerial vehicles (MAV) are restricted in their size and weight, making the design of sensory systems for these vehicles challenging. We designed a small and lightweight continuously rotating 3D laser scanner—allowing for environment perception in a range of 30 m in almost all directions. This sensor is well suited for applications such as 3D obstacle detection, 6D motion estimation, localisation, and mapping. Reliably perceiving obstacles in the surroundings of the MAV is a prerequisite for fully autonomous flight in complex environments. Due to varying shape and reflectance properties of objects, not all obstacles are perceived in every 3D laser scan (one half rotation of the scanner). Especially farther away from the MAV, multiple scans may be necessary in order to adequately detect an obstacle. In order to increase the probability of detecting obstacles, we aggregate acquired scans over short periods of time in an egocentric grid-based map. We register acquired scans against this local map to estimate the motion of our MAV and to consistently update the map. In experiments, we show that our approaches to pose estimation and laser scan matching allow for reliable aggregation of 3D scans over short periods of time, sufficiently accurate to improve detection probability without causing inaccuracies in the estimation of the position of detected obstacles. Furthermore, we assess the probability of detecting different types of obstacles in varying distances from the MAV. Zusammenfassung: Omnidirektionale Wahrnehmung für leichte MAVs mittels eines kontinuierlich rotierenden 3D-Laserscanners Dieser Artikel beschreibt einen kleinen und leichten kontinuierlich rotierenden 3D-Laserscanner, der für die dreidimensionale Wahrnehmung von Hindernissen auf einem Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) entwickelt wurde. Der Sensor ermöglicht eine nahezu omnidirektionale Wahrnehmung der Umgebung in einer Entfernung von bis zu 30 Metern. Eine Voraussetzung für die vollständige Autonomie von MAVs in komplexen Umgebungen ist die zuverlässige Wahrnehmung von Hindernissen. Durch unterschiedliche Formen und optische Eigenschaften, wie Reflektanz, werden nicht alle Hindernisse in jedem Laserscan wahrgenommen. Speziell bei weiter entfernten Objekten sind mehrere Scans notwendig um ein Hindernis zu detektieren. Um die Detektionswahrscheinlichkeit zu erhöhen, werden Entfernungsmessungen des Sensors über kurze Zeitfenster in einer egozentrischen 3D Gitterkarte aggregiert. Neue 3D-Scans werden gegen diese Karte registriert um die Eigenbewegung des Fluggeräts zu schätzen. Experimente zeigen, dass der Ansatz zur Positionsbestimmung eine robuste Aggregation von 3D-Scans über kurze Zeitfenster ermöglicht. Dadurch wird die Detektionswahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, ohne Ungenauigkeiten in der Position erkannter Hindernissen zu verursachen.
منابع مشابه
Omnidirectional Perception for Lightweight Uavs Using a Continuously Rotating 3d Laser Scanner
Many popular unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are restricted in their size and weight, making the design of sensory systems for these robots challenging. We designed a small and lightweight continuously rotating 3D laser scanner—allowing for environment perception in a range of 30 m in almost all directions. This sensor it well suited for applications such as 3D obstacle detection, 6D motion esti...
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